Essay/Term paper: Brief history of the nra

Essay, term paper, research paper:  Literary Essays

Brief History of the NRA


The National Rifle Association in its simplest form is the largest gun
club in the world. The organization was founded in 1871 by former Union Army
officers to encourage sport shooting in order to have a fine tuned militia in
case of emergency. The Union officers believed that a well regulated militia
was integral for the security of a free state. It is an organization that
opposes gun control, it believes in the individual defense of the uses of
firearms, and it is interested in all aspects of shooting sports.1
Today, the organization stands with approximately 3.4 million members.
Within the NRA, there are four major organs. The Institute for Legislative
Action (is the lobbying arm), the political Victory Fund (which is a political
action committee), the Civil Rights Legal Defense Fund (deals with scholarly
research and legal developments), and the Grass Roots Division (which
specializes in raising support through grass roots methods). As a membership
organization, the NRA's directions is set by voting members. The direction of
the policies are carried out by a 75 member board that is geographically
distributed. The Board of Directors are elected by secret ballot.2

Brady Act

The Brady Act was approved by Congress in November of 1993 and was then
signed into law by President Clinton later in the month. The act was originally
named for anti gun lobbyist Sarah Brady, and not for former press secretary Jim
Brady. It was through Jim Brady's support and the media coverage that linked
his name to the act. The act requires that there be a waiting period of five
state government business days at the time an individual applies to purchase a
handgun from a federal firearm license. During the five day wait, the local
sheriff or police chief must "make a reasonable effort" to see if the purchaser
is prohibited from owning a handgun. The police official may approve the sale
before the five day period only if the record check has been completed or if he
believes the purchaser needs a handgun immediately to protect himself or his
family.3
Presently, the Clinton administration isn't complying with the Brady Act.
The act requires that within 60 months of enactment, the Attorney General must
establish a national instant criminal background check system that allows
federal firearms licensees to have access through some type of electronic method.
The reason for the delay lies with the fact that U.S. Circuit Courts have split
on whether the Brady Act violates the 10th amendment of the Constitution by
allowing law enforcement agencies to conduct criminal records checks in
association with the purchase of a handgun.4 It also may involve the access of
medical records since some states require that hospitals report mental patients
to the state, which may put them in the same database along with felons.5

Why Brady Fails

The Brady Bill is a failure and does not prevent criminals from
obtaining handguns. After the enactment of the law for a period of 17 months,
only 7 individuals were convicted of illegal attempts to purchase a handgun. By
comparison, according to the Virginia State Police during the period between
November 1989 and June 1996, the state's instant check system facilitated the
arrest of 2,479 persons. Both the bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms and
the Department of Justice have done studies that only show 7% of armed career
criminals obtain firearms from legally licensed shops. The FBI reported in 1993
and 1994 that homicide rates had dropped 5%. Attorney General Janet Reno
credited the reduction to community policing, while criminologists attributed
the trend to maturing gang members who are now less willing to reside turf
disputes violently. Neither attributed the decline to the Brady Bill.6
A National Association of Chiefs of Police Poll was released in May of
this year that stated 85% of the police chiefs believe that the Brady Bill
hasn't stopped criminals from obtaining firearms.7 The General Accounting
Office reported that during the act's first year, 95.2% of firearms applications
went through the system without a hitch.8
When President Clinton signed the bill into law, he was already provided
with information that said the bill would have no effect on the states with the
highest crime rates. Eighteen states and the District of Columbia were exempt
from the 5 day wait since they already had gun delaying measures in place.
These states and D.C. account for 63% of all violent crimes; including 58% of
all murders.9 California which is exempt because it has a 15 day waiting period,
has more murders and violent crimes than any other state. New York which is
also exempt due to a licensing law has the second greatest number of murders and
other violent crimes.10 Since the bill was enacted, only 22 states are subject
to the 5 day wait. The Brady bill serves to be irrelevant in most violent
crimes anyway. Seven out of ten violent crimes are not committed with firearms.
90% of rapes, 59% of robberies, and 76% of assaults are committed with knives,
clubs, feet, or a person's fists. According to the FBI, approximately 10,000
murders are committed each year without firearms.11

Gun Control is Not the Answer

With the evidence that has just been documented, gun control is not the
answer to stopping crime, it only serves to delay one's constitutional right to
possess a handgun. The Brady Act infringes one's right to own a firearm
according to the Second Amendment of the Constitution. It says that "a well
regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of
the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." The court recognized
that the right to arms is an individual right in the case of U.S. vs. Cruinshank.
A militia is defined under federal law to include all able bodied persons of
age.12
States with right to carry laws have lower overall violent crime rates
than other states. The homicide rate is 28% lower. Survey research by
criminologist Gary Kleck shows that there are at least 2.5 million cases of
protective firearms. "The U.S. Department of Justice victimization survey shows
that the protective use of a firearm lessens the chance that a rape, robbery, or
assault attempt will be successfully completed."13
For those who believe that firearms are the greatest danger to police
officers, they are wrong. It comes from the criminal justice system that fails
to adequately punish the criminals. 73% of law enforcement officer killers have
prior arrests, 56% have prior convictions, and 23% are on either parole or
probation. Gun control supporters claim that the Brady Act prevents thousands
of felons from buying handguns. The truth is that honest people are being
delayed by the waiting period. There's no point in Brady since in 1968, it has
been illegal for felons to possess firearms. Furthermore, 93% of career
criminals obtain their firearms mostly through theft or by the black market.14
There are some problems that come along with the enactment of the Brady
Act. A good portion of police resources are now diverted from investigation and
street patrol to desk work. A background check consumes about $140,000 in
police salary for every arrest that is produced. Police resources devoted to
investigating and street patrol would save more lives than conducting background
checks that could take up to five days to conduct. There are over 7.5 million
firearm transactions per year, wouldn't all those millions of hours be better
spent on street patrols?15 Lawsuits against police departments could also
become a problem. An example would be from a woman in Philadelphia who won
$350,000 because the police did not conduct a thorough enough background check
of a man who killed her husband.16

Conclusion

Gun control laws do now work. Actions that are initiated to curtail the
supply of firearms only hurts one's freedom to privately own a firearm. It is
simple, if a criminal knows that a large number of civilians carry weapons, then
he/she will think twice before committing a crime. If a state enacts laws to
delay or curtail the sale of firearms, the criminal will simply cross state
lines to attain a firearm. In the U.S., people and cargoes travel state to
state without inspection or hindrance, if there is a shortage of goods, you
simply move and find it. "Firearms are nowhere near the root of the problem of
violence. As long as people come in unlike sizes, shapes, ages, and
temperaments, as long as they diverge in their taste for risk and their
willingness and capacity to prey on other people or to defend themselves from
predation, and above all as long as some people have little or nothing to lose
by spending their lives in crime, dispositions to violence will persist."17 As
long as crime continues to pay, people most choose between being victims or to
defend themselves and not be hindered by ineffective gun control laws.

Bibliography

1. Blackman, Paul H, Richard E. Gardner, and Institute for Legislative Action.
The N.R.A. and Criminal Justice Policy. Reston: NRA, 1986: 2.

2. Blackman, 3.

3. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action. The "Brady
Handgun Violence Prevention Act," Does it live up to it's name? Reston: NRA,
1996: 3.

4. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action, 9.

5. Kopel, David B. "Why Gun Waiting Periods Threaten Public Safety."
Independence Issue Paper, No. 4091. Golden, Co 1991: 25.

6. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action, 1.

7. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action, 1.

8. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action, 3.

9. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action, 5.

10. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action, 2.

11. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action, 11.

12. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action. NRA
Firearms Fact Card. Reston: NRA 1996: 1-2.

13. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action. NRA
Firearms Fact Card 3.

14. National Rifle Association - Institute for Legislative Action. NRA
Firearms Fact Card 4-5.

15. Kopel, 23-4

16. Kopel, 24.

17. Polsby, Daniel D. "The False Promise of Gun Control" Atlantic Monthly,
March 1994. Publisher unknown: 8.